خطاب الكراهية في نطاق الفقه واجتهادات المحاكم الجنائية الدولية
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35246/jols.v31is.102Keywords:
خطاب الكراهيةAbstract
The Article will examine the position of Hate Speech in international criminal law, within two sections: the first one shed light on the linguistic and terminological concept of term of Hate Speech, as well as looks at hate speech effects in scope of the periods of war and peace.
The second section will focus on Hate Speech and whether occupied to the ranks of abnormal and criminal behaviors, in the two sub-sections: first looks at the legal qualification (the level of national and regional efforts), while the second will search on International Criminal Courts Jurisprudences, so as to answer the following question: what is the reason of differences treatment of Hate Speech in Statutes of International Criminal Courts? Why some of them adopted Hate Speech as a Criminal behavior in itself, while the other tended to adapt it as a non- dependency crime in itself.
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المصادر العربية:
أولا: الكتب:
1. أبو الفضل جمال الدين محمد بن منظور، لسان العرب، المجلد الأول.
2. أحمد عزت، فهد البنا و نهاد عبود،" خطابات التحريض وحرية التعبير " الحدود الفاصلة"، مؤسسة حرية الفكر والتعبير، القاهرة.
3. انطونيو كاسيزي،" القانون الجنائي الدولي"، ترجمة ونشر مكتبة صادر ناشرون، بيروت ، الطبعة الأولى، 2015.
4. جان بكتيه، "القانون الدولي الإنساني تطوره ومبادئه"، معهد هنري دونان، جنيف 1984.
5. ماركو ساسولي و أنطوان بوفييه ،" كيف يوفر القانون الحماية في الحرب ؟ : مختارات من القضايا الخاصة بممارسات معاصرة في القانون الدولي الإنساني"، اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر، جنيف، 2009.
ثانياً: التشريعات و الصكوك والوثائق الدولية
أ- التشريعات الوطنية
1. قانون العقوبات العراقي رقم (111) لسنة 1969، جريدة الوقائع العراقية بالعدد 1778 في 15/12/1969.
2. قانون العقوبات المصري رقم (58) لسنة 1937، والتعديلات الجارية عليه وفقا للقانون رقم (95) لسنة 2003
3. قانون مكافحة الإرهاب رقم (139 لسنة 2005، المنشور في جريدة الوقائع العراقية بالعدد (4009) في 9/11/2005.
4. قانون مكافحة الإرهاب وغسيل الأموال التونسي رقم (26) لسنة 2015، المنشور بالجريدة الرسمية بالعدد (63) في 7 اوت 2015، ص،2165.
ب- الصكوك الدولية
1. العهد الخاص بالحقوق المدنية والسياسية لعام 1966.
2. الاتفاقية الأمريكية لحقوق الإنسان، سان خوسيه، 1969
3. الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان لعام 1948.
4. اتفاقية حماية حقوق الإنسان في نطاق مجلس أوروبا ، روما في 4 نوفمبر 1950 (الاتفاقية الأوربية لحقوق الإنسان)
ت- الوثائق الدولية
1. الأمم المتحدة، " منع التحريض: الخيارات المتاحة في مجال السياسات العامة.
2. اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر، اللحقان (( البرتوكولان)) الإضافيان إلى اتفاقيات جنيف المعقودة في 12 آب / أغسطس 1949"، اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر،الطبعة السابعة، القاهرة، 2007.
3. المحكمة الجنائية الدولية،" نظام روما الأساسي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية"،قسم الإعلام والتوثيق، لاهاي،2011.
References by Forging Language
First: Books
1. Anne Weber," Manual On hate Speech", Council of Europe Publishing, 2009.
2. Ivana Tucak," Analysis of freedom of Speech", Jura A Pecsi tudomanyegyetem Allam, 2011.
3. OSCE," Hate Crimes Law: A practical Guide ", OSCE ,Office for Democratic Institute and Human Rights, Warsaw Poland,2009,p.19.
4. Sarah Summers, Christian Schwarzenegger, Gian Ege and Finaly Young, the emergence of eu criminal law", Oxford and Portland, Oregon, Hart publishing, 2014.
5. U.K," Hate Crime: The Case for Extending the Existence Offences", Appendix A: Hate Crime and Freedom of Expression under the European Convention on Human Rights: Law Commission, Consultation Paper No.213, Crown Copyright, 2013.
SECOND: Researches and Studies.
1. David Brax and Christian Munthe," the philosophy of Hate Crime anthology", University of Gothenburg, Philosophy, Linguistics and theory of Science.
2. Fausto Pocar," Persecution as a Crime under International Criminal Law", Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Vol.2:355, 2008.
3. Gregory S .Gordon," The Forgotten Nuremberg Hate Speech Case: Otto Dietrich and the Future of Persecution Law", Ohio State Law Journal, Vol.75:3, 2014.
4. Joseph Rikhof," Hate Speech and International Criminal Law", Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol.3, 2005.
5. Mafeza Faustin," Preventive Genocide by Fighting Against Hate Speech", International Journal of Advanced Research, Vol.4.Issue.3,2016.
6. Megan Sullaway," Psychological Perspectives on Hate Crime Laws", Psychology, Public Policy and law Journal, vol.10, no.3, 2004.
7. regory S .Gordon," Formulating a new atrocity Speech Offences: Incitement to Commit War Crimes ", Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Vol.43, 2012.
8. Richard Moon, "Hate Speech Regulation in Canada", Florida State University Law Review, Vol.36:79, 2008.
9. Thomas E.Davies," How the Rome Statute Weakens the International Prohibition on Incitement to Genocide", Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol.22, 2009.
10. Wibka Kristin Timmermann," Incitement in International Criminal Law", IRRC, Vol.88, No.864, December 2006.
11. Yulia A. Timofeeva, Hate Speech Online: Restricted or Protected? Comparison of Regulations in the United States And Germany ",j. Transitional Law and Policy Review,Vol.12:2,Sipring 2003.
Third: Thesis.
Wibke Kristin Timmermann," Incitement, Instigation, Hate Speech and War propaganda in International Law".
Forth: Documents.
1. UN, Study on International Standard Relating to Incitement to Genocide or Racial Hatred", UN Special Advisor on the Prevention of Genocide, 2006.
2. United Nations," Updated Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia", English and French Document, September 2009.
Web –Sites.
1. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hate-speech
2. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/arab/am2.html
3. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/arab/am2.html
4. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/arab/b003.html
5. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/arab/euhrcom.html
6. http://www.abonaf-law.com/download/GalleryServices/35_law%201.pdf
7. http://www.abouna.org/content
8. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/hate-speech
9. http://www.un.org/ar/documents/udhr/
10. http://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/prevention_of_incitement_policy_options.pdf
11. https://www.icrc.org/ara/resources/documents/misc/62sgrn.ht
12. http://unictr.unmict.org/sites/unictr.org/files/legal-library/100131_Statute_en_fr_0.pdf
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