Legal Actions Arising in the Context of Genocide -A Study In Light of the Philosophy of Iraqi Civil Law-
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35246/awe7by70Keywords:
Legal Actions, Genocide, RestitutionAbstract
The will represents the essence of a legal act and the legal basis for its existence. In order for a legal act to be legitimate in producing its legal effects, it must emanate from a free, conscious, and enlightened will. Since genocide undermines this essence of a legal act and destroys the basis of its legal existence due to the collective fear it arouses, which nullifies freedom and will, the individual, under the shadow of genocide, becomes an unfree being seeking survival. His need for survival may drive him to conclude legal acts that are not based on free will, but rather on awe and fear. These legal acts thus lack their legal basis and essence, and thus lose their legitimacy and do not produce their effects. This necessitates the recovery of personal and property rights that have been transferred from one's responsibility to others under the weight of fear aroused by genocide.
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اولاً: النتائج Results
1- الطبيعة القانونية للابادة الجماعية على ضوء احكام القانون المدني هي واقعة تنتج اكراه باعلى مستوياته.
2- التكييف القانوني للتصرفات القانونية الناشئة في ظل الابادة الجماعية هي تصرفات "منعدمة" وليس باطلة او قابلة للابطال.
3- استرداد الحقوق الشخصية والعينية المنعدمة نتيجة الابادة الجماعية مقرر للمتصرف ولخلفه العام والخاص.
4- عدم سريان التقادم على التصرفات القانونية المنعدمة المقررة للحقوق الشخصية والعينية.
5- الابادة الجماعية مانع مادي (قتل- تهجير- عاعتقال) وقانوني (غياب مؤسسات الدولة- انهيار المؤسسات القضائية) مطلق. .
6- دعاوى المطالبة بالانعدام التصرفات القانونية الناشئة في ظل الابادة الجماعية لا تسقط بالتقادم.
7- سكوت اصحاب الحقوق الشخصية والعينية بعد زوال وقائع الابادة الجماعية وعودة سيادة القانون لا تعني الاجازة, ولا ينقلب التصرف المنعدم الى صحيح لانه غير موجود.
8- دعوى استرداد الحقوق تظل مفتوحة المدة ولا تغلق بوقت محدد.
ثانياً: التوصيات Recommendations
توصي الدراسة بتعديل القانون المدني العراقي رقم 40 لسنة 1951 او اصدار قانون خاص يتضمن الفقرات الاتية:
1- الاكراه الناشيء عن الابادة الجماعية هو اعلى مستويات الاكراه وهو اكراه يعدم الارادة.
2- اعتماد معيار موضوعي – شخصي لقياس الاكراه الذي يعدم الارادة.
3- التصرفات القانونية الناشئة في ظل الابادة الجماعية هي تصرفات منعدمة.
4- عدم تقادم الدعوى المرتبطة بالابادة الجماعية.
5- الاثر المدني للجرائم الدولية.
المصادر
References
I. Abdul Razzaq Ahmed Al-Sanhuri, Contract Theory, Part One, Al-Halabi Publications, Beirut, Lebanon, 1998.
II. Abdul Majeed Al-Hakim, Sources of Obligation, Al-Ahliya Printing and Publishing Company, Baghdad, Iraq, 1969
III. Dr. Abdul Majeed Al-Hakim, Abdul Baqi Al-Bakri, Mohamed Taha Al-Bashir, A Concise Overview of the Theory of Obligation in Iraqi Civil Law, Part One, Al-Atik for Book Production, Cairo, Egypt, no publication date.
IV. Dr. Hussein Obeid, Ralph Rahim Radi, The Crime of Genocide, a research paper published in Al-Qarar Journal for Scientific Research, Issue 6, Volume 2, Year 1, June 2024.
V. Dr. Hamed Sayed Mohamed Hamed, Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, National Center for Publications, Cairo, Egypt, 2010
VI. Dr. Hilmi Bahgat Badawi, The First Obligations, Contract Theory, Nouri Press, Cairo, Egypt, 1943
VII. Dr. Muhammad Taha Al-Bashir, Dr. Ghani Hassoun Taha, Real Rights, Vol. 1, Dar Al-Sanhuri, Baghdad, Iraq, 2016
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