Between Recognition and Neglect: An Assessment of the Yazidi Survivors Law in Iraq's Reparation for Genocide Victims in Light of International Standards
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35246/tvqk0454Keywords:
Yazidi Survivors, Reparations, Genocide, Transitional JusticeAbstract
This research analyzes the Yazidi Female Survivors Law (2021) as landmark legislation for compensating victims of sexual violence and genocide in Iraq, aiming to assess its compliance with comprehensive reparations principles under international standards. The core problem lies in the procedural hurdles and legislative constraints that impede the realization of full justice. The most significant finding is that while the law achieved symbolic recognition and partial financial reparations, it faced severe procedural limitations (such as mandating a criminal complaint) and a legal conflict over granting identity to survivors’ children, undermining the full restitution of their rights. Consequently, the most critical recommendation is directed at the Iraqi Legislator to abolish the criminal complaint requirement and adopt the principle of good faith to ease the burden of proof, and at the International Community to provide support for resolving the civil identity issues of survivors’ children to secure their rights.
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أولاً: المصادر باللغة العربية:
I. أيمن عبد العزيز محمد سلامه، د، 2006، المسؤولية الدولية عن ارتكاب جريمة الإبادة الجماعية، الطبعة الأولى، دار العلوم للنشر والتوزيع.
II. الجاسور، ناظم عبد الواحد، 2011، موسوعة المصطلحات السياسية والفلسفية والدولية، الطبعة الثانية، دار النهضة العربية، بيروت.
III. حسين عبد علي عيسى، د، 2024، بحوث في جريمة الإبادة الجماعية، الطبعة الأولى، مطبعة يادكار، السليمانية.
IV. د. حسنين عبيد إبراهيم صالح، 1979، الجريمة الدولية، الطبعة الأولى، دار النهضة العربية، القاهرة.
V. رغيف الشمري، عبد الرزاق أحمد، 2022، المسؤولية الجنائية الدولية، الطبعة الأولى، منشورات الحلبي الحقوقية، بيروت.
VI. دفالا فريد إبراهيم، 2004، المسؤولية المدنية الدولية عن جريمة الإبادة الجماعية، بدون طبعة، مطبعة جامعة صلاح الدين، أربيل.
VII. عبد الله علي عبو، ووعدي سليمان علي، 2011، الجرائم الدولية وضرورة إدراجها في قانون العقوبات، مجلة جامعة دهوك، المجلد 14.
VIII. محمد نصر محمد، د، 2014، المسؤولية الجنائية الدولية، الجزء الأول، الطبعة الأولى، دار الكتب العلمية، بيروت.
IX. د. منتصر سعيد حمودة، ٢٠٠٦، المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، دار الجامعة الجديدة، الإسكندرية.
X. نوزاد احمد ياسين الشواني، ٢٠١٢، الاختصاص القضائي في جريمة الإبادة الجماعية، بدون طبعة، المؤسسة الحديثة للكتاب، بيروت.
XI. عمرو عزت الحو، 2023، تعويضات ضحايا الجرائم الدولية أمام المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، المركز العربي للدراسات والبحوث العلمية، القاهرة.
ثانياً: المصادر باللغة الإنجليزية:
I. Al-Obaidi, H. (2018). International Humanitarian Law and the Iraqi High Tribunal. Baghdad: Al-Mustansiriya University Press.
II. Ambos, K. (2009). What does “intent to destroy” in genocide mean? International Review of the Red Cross, 91(876), 833–858.
III. Bassiouni, M. C. (2006). International Criminal Law: Crimes and Punishment (3rd ed.). Leiden: Brill.
IV. Cryer, R., Friman, H., Robinson, D., & Wilmshurst, E. (2010). An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
V. De Greiff, P. (2006). The Handbook of Reparations. Oxford University Press.
VI. Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice (3rd ed.). Cornell University Press.
VII. Evans, C. (2012). The Right to Reparation in International Law for Victims of Armed Conflict. Cambridge University Press.
VIII. Gillard, E.-C. (2003). Reparation for violations of international humanitarian law. International Review of the Red Cross, 85(851), 529–553. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035336100185259.
IX. Henckaerts, J.-M., & Doswald-Beck, L. (2005). Customary International Humanitarian Law, Vol. I: Rules. Cambridge University Press.
X. Nowak, M. (2005). UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary. N.P. Engel Verlag.
XI. Schabas, W. A. (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes. Cambridge University Press.
XII. Schabas, W. A. (2011). The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute. Oxford University Press.
XIII. Shelton, D. (2005). Remedies in International Human Rights Law. Oxford University Press.
ثالثاً: القوانين والوثائق الرسمية:
a. القوانين والوثائق باللغة العربية:
II. دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005.
III. قانون العقوبات العراقي رقم (111) لسنة (1969) المعدل.
IV. قانون المحكمة الجنائية العليا رقم (30) لسنة 2005.
V. قانون الناجيات الإيزيديات رقم (8) لسنة 2021.
VI. قانون رعاية القاصرين رقم (78) لسنة 1980.
VII. قانون تعويض المتضررين جراء العمليات الحربية والأخطاء العسكرية والعمليات الأرهابية رقم (20) لسنة 2009 المعدل.
VIII. ميثاق الأمم المتحدة لسنة 1945.
IX. الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان 1948.
X. اتفاقية منع جريمة الإبادة الجماعية والعقاب عليها عام 1948.
XI. العهدين الدوليين والبروتوكل الاختياري الأول سنة 1966.
XII. نظام روما الأساسي لسنة (1998) المعدل.
ب. القوانين والوثائق باللغة الإنجليزية:
I. International Law Commission. (2001). Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (Arts. 31–34). United Nations.
II. UN. (2008). Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law.
III. UN General Assembly. (1985). Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (A/RES/40/34).
IV. UN General Assembly. (2005). Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (A/RES/60/147).
V. UN Human Rights Council. (2005). Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law. Geneva: UNHRC.
رابعاً: التقارير والمنشورات الرسمية (باللغة العربية):
I. المديرية العامة لشؤون الناجيات، 2025، نشاطات مديرية شؤون الناجيات، عبر الموقع الرسمي للمديرية: https://molsa.gov.iq/?page=2294
II. مكتب انقاذ المختطفين الأيزيديين، 2025، احصائيات مكتب انقاذ المختطفين الأيزيديين المعتمدة لدى الأمم المتحدة.
خامساً: التقارير والمنشورات الرسمية (باللغة الأنجليزية):
I. Coalition for Just Reparation, 2023, More than “ink on paper”, taking stock two years after the adoption of the Yazidi [female] survivors’ law. https://jiyan.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/YSL-Zero-Report.pdf
II. CEASFIRE, 2021, The Yazidi Survivors’ Law: A step towards reparations for the ISIS conflict. www.ceasefire.org/the-yazidi-survivors-law-a-step-towards-reparations-for-the-isis-conflict/
III. Human Right Watch, 2023, Joint Statement on the Implementation of the Yazidi Survivors Law. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/04/14/joint-statement-implementation-yazidi-survivors-law
IV. CIGE's Annual Report, 2025, Commemorating the Kocho Massacre – August 15. https://cige.gov.krd/en/about/reports/dooidcekhxvljrtajzmrr9wk
V. Abdulsalam Medeni, 2024, Whither Iraqi Civil Society? Fikra Forum. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/whither-iraqi-civil-society
VI. Free Yezidi Foundation, 2024, strengthening implementation of the Yazidi [Female] Survivors’ Law. https://freeyezidi.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/FYF_Leitner_YSL_Report.pdf
VII. Yazda, 2025, Implementing the Yazidi Survivors Law: A Review by and for Yazidi Survivors. https://www.yazda.org/publications/implementing_the_yazidi_survivors_law
VIII. Coalition for Just Reparation, 2024, the Yazidi Survivors Law Newsletter, #11. https://c4jr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/c4jr-NL-11-English.pdf
IX. Coalition for Just Reparation, 2025, the Yazidi Survivors Law Newsletter, #12. https://c4jr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/12_C4JR-Newsletter_EN.pdf
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