The failure of international law to protect Iraqi cultural property from the intentional destruction by ISIS: A priority worthy of international protection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35246/jols.v35i2.327Keywords:
cultural property, destruction, ISIS, international law, armed conflictAbstract
The destruction and protection of cultural property has been a feature of armed conflicts for thousands of years and it has received increasing international focus over the past two decades. This feature was clearly appeared during the recent armed conflict in Iraq. During the conflict, cultural property was subjected to intentional and organised destruction by members of ISIS. Although there are international legal norms to protect cultural property during armed conflict, however, this destruction has proven the failure of those rules to effectively deter these criminal acts. This Article analyses the framework of international law relevant to the protection of cultural property during of armed conflict in the light of that destruction, and the Article considers whether there are gaps in that framework in relation to the attacks launched by ISIS as a Non-State Armed Group on Iraqi cultural property. By studying recent developments in applicable international law, this Article suggests the need for the international community to announce a third protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention in order to promote international law more effectively and to preserve cultural property for future generations.
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الكتب:
Ⅰ- سلامة صالح الرهايفة، حماية الممتلكات الثقافية أثناء النزاعات المسلحة، ط1، دار الحامد للنشر والتوزيع، عمان، الأردن،2012.
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Ⅲ-عبد علي محمد سوادي، مبادئ القانون الدولي الإنساني، المركز العربي للدراسات والبحوث العلمية، مصر، 2017.
Ⅳ - علاء الضاوي سبيطة، هشام بشير، حماية البيئة والتراث الثقافي في القانون الدولي، ط1، المركز القومي للإصدارات القانونية، القاهرة،2013.
الأبحاث:
Ⅰ- شاذلي قويدري، الحماية الدولية للممتلكات الثقافية في حالة نزاع مسلح، المجلة العلمية لجامعة الجزائر، العدد (9)،2017.
الاتفاقيات الدولية:
Ⅰ- اتفاقية جنيف الرابعة بشأن حماية الأشخاص المدنيين في وقت الحرب المؤرخة في 12آب 1949
Ⅱ - البروتوكول الإضافي الأول لعام 1977الملحق باتفاقيات جنيف المعقودة في 12 آب 1949 المتعلق بحماية ضحايا المنازعات الدولية المسلحة.
Ⅲ - البروتوكول الإضافي الثاني لعام 1977 الملحق باتفاقيات جنيف المعقودة في 12 آب 1949المتعلق بحماية ضحايا المنازعات المسلحة غير الدولية.
Ⅳ- اتفاقية لاهاي بشأن حماية الممتلكات الثقافية في حالة النزاع المسلح المؤرخة في 14آيار 1954.
Ⅴ - البروتوكول الأول لأتفاقية لاهاي لعام 1954: بروتوكول من أجل حماية الممتلكات الثقافية في حالة نزاع مسلح في 14 آيار 1954.
Ⅵ - البروتوكول الثاني لاتفاقية لاهاي لعام 1954 لحماية الممتلكات الثقافية في حالة نزاع مسلح في 26 أذار 1999.
Ⅶ- اتفاقية لحماية التراث العالمي الثقافي والطبيعي في 16 تشرين الثاني لعام 1972 .
القوانين:
Ⅰ- قانون الآثار والتراث العراقي رقم (55) لسنة 2002
Ⅱ- قانون المحكمة الجنائية العراقية العليا رقم (10) لسنة 2005
Ⅲ - قانون مكافحة الإرهاب العراقي رقم (13) لعام 2005
Ⅳ - مشروع قانون انضمام جمهورية العراق الى البروتوكول الثاني لاتفاقية لاهاي لعام 1954 الخاص بحماية الممتلكات الثقافية في حالة النزاع المسلح.
ثانياً - باللغة الأجنبية:
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Articles:
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Sites:
-Ⅰ “We stand together” to protect Iraq's cultural heritage, says French President with UNESCO Director-General” Available at https://en.unesco.org/news/we-stand-together-protect-cultural-heritage-says-french-president-unesco-director-general تأريخ الدخول 11-8-2019
-Ⅱhttps://www.annahar.com/article/217402 /تأريخ الدخول 11-8-2019
Ⅲ-http://www.masralarabia.com تأريخ الدخول 11-8-2019
-Ⅳhttps://www.annahar.com/article/700605/ تأريخ الدخول1-8- 2019
-Ⅴhttps://en.unesco.org/تأريخ الدخول 13-8-2018
Ⅵ-https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/full-story-isil-takeover-mosul-museum-150309053022129.html تأريخ الدخول15-1-2020
-Ⅶhttps://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/تأريخ الدخول 13-8-2019
VIII- https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1309/تأريخ الدخول 13-1-2020
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