التزام مجلس إدارة الشركة بالعمل على تحقيق مصلحتها في عصر الذكاء الاصطناعي

A: Books

I. Ahmed Mohamed Mahrez, Alwasit in Commercial Companies, Second Edition (Alexandria: Maaref Establishment, 2004).

B: Journal papers

I. Alaa Yakoob Yousif, "Legal Challenges Facing the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Management of Commercial Companies," forthcoming in the Journal of the Kuwait International Law School.

II. Alaa Yakoob Yousif, "The Legal Liability of the Board of Directors of a Public Joint Stock Company for the Use of Augmented Artificial Intelligence in the Management of the Company - A Comparative Study in UAE and European Union Law," a paper presented at the Conference on Legal Challenges of Artificial Intelligence Technology, College of Law, University of Bahrain, April 23-24, 2025.

III. Alaa Yakoob Yousif, "Towards a New Legal Vision of the Objective of the Commercial Company in Light of the Social Responsibility of Joint Stock Companies: A Comparative Study," a paper accepted for publication in the UAE University Journal of Legal Research.

IV. Abdul Aziz Qasim Muharib, "Artificial Intelligence: Its Concept and Applications," Journal of Finance and Commerce, Issue 652 (2023).

V. Karim Ali Salem, "Legal Aspects of Artificial Intelligence," Journal of International Jurisprudence and Law, Issue 122 (2022).

VI. Muhammad Irfan Al-Khatib, "Artificial Intelligence and the Law: Towards a Draft Law for Artificial Intelligence within the Framework of the Provisions of the European Rules of Civil Law on Humanities of 2017 and Qatar National Vision 2030," Legal and Judicial Journal, Ministry of Justice - Center for Legal and Judicial Studies, 14th Year, Issue 2, 2020.

VII. Marwa Muhammad Abd Al-Ghani, "The Concept of Public Order and Morals and Their Applications in American Law Compared to Egyptian Law," Faculty of Law Journal for Legal and Economic Research, Issue 2 (2017).

C: Legislations

I. Federal Civil Transactions Law No. 5 of 1985 of the United Arab Emirates.

II. Federal Decree-Law No. 32 of 2021 of the United Arab Emirates on Commercial Companies.

III. Securities and Commodities Authority Board of Directors Resolution No. (3/R.M) of 2020 approving the Governance Guide for Public Joint Stock Companies.

IV. Artificial Intelligence Ethics Document, December 2023.

D- Websites

I. The official portal of the United Arab Emirates government, “UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence,” accessed August 25, 2024, https://u.ae/ar-AE/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/strategies-plans-and-visions/government-services-and-digital-transformation/uae-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence.

II. Abu Dhabi Media Office, “Artificial Intelligence Advisor Appointed as Observer to International Holding Company’s Board of Directors,” Abu Dhabi Media Office, February 27, 2024, accessed August 25, 2024, https://www.mediaoffice.abudhabi/ar/economy/artificial-intelligence-board-observer-appointed-by-international-holding-board-of-directors/

II: References in English

A- Books

I. Hadassah Drukarch and Eduard Fosch-Villaronga, "The Role and Legal Implications of Autonomy in AI-Driven Boardrooms," in Law and Artificial Intelligence: Regulating AI and Applying AI in Legal Practice, ed. Bart Custers and Eduard Fosch-Villaronga (The Hague: TMC Asser Press, 2022).

II. M. Stella Richter, M. L. Passador, and C. Sertoli, "Benefit Corporations: Trends and Perspectives," in The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, ed. H. Peter, C. Vargas Vasserot, and J. Alcalde Silva (Cham: Springer, 2023), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_11.

B- Thesis

I. Iakovina Kindylidi, Smart Companies: Company & Board Members Liability in the Age of AI (LLM thesis, International Business Law, Tilburg University, Netherlands, August 2018), available at show.cgi (uvt.nl).

II. Olga Aralova, Appointing Artificial Intelligence as Director of a Company: Utopia or Reality of the Future? (PhD diss., Mykolo Romerio University, 2020), accessed April 22, 2024, https://cris.mruni.eu/cris/entities/etd/f29fab15-45cb-4865-bd7f-b7fcf1ddb17d.

C- Journal papers

I. Alfred R. Cowger Jr., "Corporate Fiduciary Duty in the Age of Algorithms," Journal of Law, Technology, & the Internet 14, no. 2 (2023): 138-207, accessed May 1,2024, https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jolti/vol14/iss2/1/.

II. Anjanette H. Raymond, Emma Arrington Stone Young, and Scott J. Shackelford, "Building a Better HAL 9000: Algorithms, the Market, and the Need to Prevent the Engraining of Bias," Northwestern Journal of Technology & Intellectual Property 15 (2017): 215, 254, accessed May 24, 2024, https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njtip/vol15/iss3/2/.

III. Anthony Aguirre, Gaia Dempsey, Harry Surden, and Peter Bart Reiner, "AI Loyalty: A New Paradigm for Aligning Stakeholder Interests," IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society 1, no. 3 (September 2020): 128-137, accessed April 16, 2024, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3560653.

IV. Anthony Aguirre, Peter Bart Reiner, Harry Surden, and Gaia Dempsey, AI Loyalty by Design: A Framework for Governance of AI (September 24, 2021), Oxford Handbook on AI Governance (Oxford University Press, 2022, Forthcoming), University of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper no. 21-28, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3930338.

V. Brent Mittelstadt, "Principles Alone Cannot Guarantee Ethical AI," Nature Machine Intelligence, November 2019, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3391293 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3391293.

VI. Daniel Agbaji, Brady Lund, and Nishith Reddy Mannuru, "Perceptions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Artificial Intelligence Impact on Society," arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.02030 (2023).

VII. Drew Roselli, Jeanna Matthews, and Nisha Talagala, "Managing Bias in AI," in Companion Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference (2019), accessed May 24, 2024, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333060685_Managing_Bias_in_AI.

VIII. Iason Gabriel, "Artificial Intelligence, Values, and Alignment," Minds and Machines 30, no. 3 (2020): 411-437, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09539-2.

IX. Jingchen Zhao, "Artificial Intelligence and Corporate Decisions: Fantasy, Reality or Destiny," Catholic University Law Review 71 (2022): 663-698, accessed April 16, 2024, https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol71/iss4/6/#:~:text=This%20article%20aims%20to%20examine%20AI%E2%80%99s%20role%20in,interplay%20between%20AI%20and%20corporate%20law%20and%20governance.

X. Joseph Lee and Peter Underwood, "AI in the Boardroom: Let the Law Be in the Driving Seat," International and Comparative Corporate Law Journal, The University of Manchester Legal Research Paper Series No. Forthcoming (June 26, 2021), 1-21, accessed May 29, 2024, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3874588

XI. Martin Petrin, Corporate Management in the Age of AI (March 4, 2019), Columbia Business Law Review, Forthcoming, UCL Working Paper Series, Corporate Management in the Age of AI, no. 3/2019, Faculty of Laws University College London Law Research Paper no. 3/2019, 965-1030, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3346722 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3346722.

XII. Mihailis Diamantis, "The Problem of Algorithmic Corporate Misconduct," Compliance and Enforcement Blog, September 16, 2019, accessed November 20, 2024, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3460105 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3460105.

XIII. Nizan Geslevich Packin, "Consumer Finance and AI: The Death of Second Opinions?," NYU Journal of Legislation and Public Policy 22, no. 2 (201902020), 319-374. available at: https://nyujlpp.org/issues/volume-22-issue-2/

XIV. Paolo Agnese, Francesca Romana Arduino, and Domenico Di Prisco, "The Era of Artificial Intelligence: What Implications for the Board of Directors?" Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 25, no. 2 (2025): 272–287. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/cg-06-2023-0259/full/html

XV. Randy J. Holland, "Delaware Directors' Fiduciary Duties: The Focus on Loyalty," University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law 11 (2009): 675, https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jbl/vol11/iss3/4/

XVI. Ronald Yu and Gabriele Spina Alì, "What’s Inside the Black Box? AI Challenges for Lawyers and Researchers," Legal Information Management 19, no. 1 (2019): 2-13, accessed May 28, 2024, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/legal-information-management/article/whats-inside-the-black-box-ai-challenges-for-lawyers-and-researchers/8A547878999427F7222C3CEFC3CE5E01.

XVII. Thomas Belcastro, "Getting on Board with Robots: How the Business Judgment Rule Should Apply to Artificial Intelligence Devices Serving as Members of a Corporate Board," Georgetown Law Technology Review 4 (2019): 263-278, accessed May 20, 2024, https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/getting-on-board-with-robots-how-the-business-judgment-rule-should-apply-to-artificial-intelligence-devices-serving-as-members-of-a-corporate-board/GLTR-01-2020/

XVIII. Varsha, P. S. "How Can We Manage Biases in Artificial Intelligence Systems–A Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Information Management Data Insights 3, no. 1 (2023): 100165. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667096823000125.

XIX. Weston Kowert, "The Foreseeability of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interactions," Texas Law Review 96 (2017): 181-204, accessed May 22, 2024, https://texaslawreview.org/foreseeability-human-artificial-intelligence-interactions/

XX. Zhaoyi Li, "Artificial Fiduciaries," Washington and Lee Law Review 81 (2024): 1299-1378, available at https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol81/iss4/3.

D- Legislations

1- REGULATION (EU) 2024/1689 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 13 June 2024.

E- Internet Resources:

I. Carsten Krause, "Case Study: Amazon’s AI-Driven Supply Chain: A Blueprint for the Future of Global Logistics," CDO Times, August 22, 2024, accessed August 25, 2024, https://cdotimes.com/2024/08/23/case-study-amazons-ai-driven-supply-chain-a-blueprint-for-the-future-of-global-logistics/#google_vignette.

II. Cheryl Ainoa, "Three Ways We’re Using Conversational AI at Walmart," Walmart Global Tech Blog, March 3, 2023, accessed August 25, 2024, https://tech.walmart.com/content/walmart-global-tech/en_us/blog/post/three-ways-we-are-using-conversational-ai-at-walmart.html.

III. Deep Knowledge Venture, "Deep Knowledge Venture Appoints Intelligent Investment Analysis Software VITAL as Board Member," GlobeNewswire, May 13, 2014, accessed August 25, 2024, https://www.globenewswire.com.

IV. IBM Data and AI Team, "Understanding the Different Types of Artificial Intelligence," IBM, October 12, 2023, accessed August 25, 2024, https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence-types.

V. Jason Tanz, "Soon We Won’t Program Computers. We’ll Train Them Like Dogs," Wired, May 17, 2016, accessed May 1,2024, https://www.wired.com/2016/05/the-end-of-code/.

VI. Jeyadev Needhi, "How AI Transformed Financial Fraud Detection: A Case Study of JP Morgan Chase," Medium, July 8, 2024, accessed August 22, 2024, https://medium.com/@jeyadev_needhi/how-ai-transformed-financial-fraud-detection-a-case-study-of-jp-morgan-chase-f92bbb0707bb.

VII. Jonathan Tapson, "Google’s Go Victory Shows AI Thinking Can Be Unpredictable, and That’s a Concern," The Conversation, March 18, 2016, accessed May 22, 2024, https://theconversation.com/googles-go-victory-shows-ai-thinking-can-be-unpredictable-and-thats-a-concern-56209.

VIII. Kate Gibson, "What Is Risk Management, and Why It's Important?" Harvard Business School Online, October 24, 2023, accessed February 27,2025, https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/risk-management.

IX. Klaus Schwab, "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What It Means and How to Respond," World Economic Forum, January 14, 2016, accessed August 25, 2024 https://www.weforum.org/stories/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/

X. Madhumita Murgia, "How to Stop Computers Being Biased," Financial Times, February 13, 2019, accessed May 24, 2024, https://www.ft.com/content/12dcd0f4-2ec8-11e9-8744-e7016697f225.

XI. McKendrick, Joe, and Andy Thurai. "AI Isn’t Ready to Make Unsupervised Decisions." Harvard Business Review, September 15, 2022. https://hbr.org/2022/09/ai-isnt-ready-to-make-unsupervised-decisions.

XII. Robert G. Eccles and Miriam Vogel, "Board Responsibility for Artificial Intelligence Oversight," Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance, January 5, 2022, accessed April 16, 2024, https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2022/01/05/board-responsibility-for-artificial-intelligence-oversight/

XIII. Simon Sharwood, "Software Appointed to Board of Venture Capital Firm," The Register, May 18, 2014, accessed August 25, 2024, https://www.theregister.com/2014/05/18/software_appointed_to_board_of_venture_capital_firm.

XIV. Supply Chain Today, "Tesla: Artificial Intelligence Manufacturing Revolution," accessed August 22, 2024, https://www.supplychaintoday.com/tesla-artificial-intelligence-manufacturing-revolution/.