تحت مظلة القانون الدولي العنف والاغتصاب في النزاعات المسلحة

I. Ahmed Fathi Al-Surur, Principles of Criminal Policy, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 1972.

II. Muhammad Jaber Al-Douri, Crimes against Morals and Public Ethics in Iraqi Criminal Legislation Supported by Court of Cassation Decisions, Al-Numan Press, Najaf Al-Ashraf, 1972.

III. Kleinfeld, B. and Dodds, B., “Serious Mistakes in the Investigation of Sexual Assaults in the Central African Republic Detailed in the UN Internal Review,” New Humanitarian, October 31, 2019.

IV. M. Stojanovic, “Why It’s So Hard to Remove the Ratko Mladic Mural in Serbia,” Transitional Justice in the Balkans, November 12, 2021.

V. Muhammad Marouf Abdullah, The Role of Penal Institutions in Preventing Crime, Sharia and Law Journal (College of Sharia - University of Baghdad), January, 1989.

VI. Westendorf, J.K. and Searle, L., “Sexual Operations and Assault in Peace Operations: Trends, Policy Responses and Events.” Future Directions, International Affairs, Vol. 93, No. 2, March 1, 2017.

VII. The four Geneva Conventions, which alone in the 1949 Conventions regulate non-international armed conflicts.

VIII. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted on 9 December 1948, entered into force on 12 January 1951.

IX. Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949, opened for signature on 12 August 1949, entered into force on 21 October 1950, 6 U.S.T. 3516, T.L.A.S.

X. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, G.A. Res. Res. 3068, 28 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 30) at 75, U.N. Doc. A/9030 (1973)

XI. Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 210, “Istanbul Convention”.

XII. Baghdad Penal Code issued in 1913 (repealed).

XIII. Iraqi Penal Code No. (111), of 1969.

XIV. Egyptian Penal Code No. (58), of 1937.

XV. Algerian Penal Code, issued in 1966.

XVI. Syrian Penal Code, issued in 1949.

XVII. Lebanese Penal Code, issued in 1943.

XVIII. Sudanese Penal Code, issued in 1925.

XIX. Kuwaiti Penal Code, issued in 1960.

XX. Omani Penal Code, issued in 1974.

XXI. Jordanian Penal Code, issued in 1960.

XXII. Tunisian Penal Code, issued in 1913 (Tunisian Criminal Code).

XXIII. Libyan Penal Code, issued in 1953.

XXIV. Qatari Penal Code, issued in 1970.

XXV. Palestinian Revolutionary Penal Code, issued in 1979.

XXVI. People's Democratic Republic of Yemen Penal Code, issued in 1976 (repealed).

XXVII. Yemeni Penal Code, issued in 1994 (Crimes and Penalties Code).

XXVIII. French Penal Code, issued in 1992.

XXIX. Swiss Penal Code, issued in 1938.

XXX. Romanian Penal Code, issued in 1937.

XXXI. Italian Penal Code, issued in 1930.

XXXII. German Penal Code, issued in 1970.

XXXIII. Greek Penal Code, issued in 1950.

XXXIV. Hungarian Penal Code, issued in 1961.

XXXV. Swedish Penal Code, issued in 1965.

XXXVI. United Nations, “Conflict-related sexual violence”, Report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, S/2022/272, 29 March 2022. 2- United Nations, “Guidance note by the Secretary-General, Reparations for conflict-related sexual violence”, United Nations, June 2014.

XXXVII. Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, “Legislative model provisions and guidance on the investigation and prosecution of crimes of conflict-related sexual violence”, United Nations, 18 June 2021.

XXXVIII. Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Migration and Refugees, Press Room, Council of Europe, 17 June 2022.

XXXIX. United Nations-Peacekeeping, “Conflict-related sexual violence”. Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, General Recommendation No. 28 on the core obligations of States parties under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW/C/GC/28, 2010.

XL. United Nations, General Assembly resolution 48/104, 20 December 1993, Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women.

XLI. United Nations, Security Council resolution 1325 on women Peace and Security (2020-2025).

XLII. United Nations, Resolution 2467 (2019).

XLIII. United Nations, Security Council Resolution 1820 (2008).

XLIV. United Nations, Document. 14073.

XLV. Statement issued on 17 June 2022 by the Special Representative of the Council of Europe on Migration and Refugees.

XLVI. Voice of America, “Croatia Passes Law to Compensate Victims of Wartime Rape”, 29 May 2015.

XLVII. Charlotte Bunch (1990), ‘Women’s Rights as Human Rights: Toward a Re-Vision of Human Rights’, 12 Human Rights Quarterly

XLVIII. Dodds, P, “AP Exclusive: UN child sex ring left victims but no arrests,” AP News, April 12, 2017

XLIX. Flummerfelt, R, “More than 50 women blame sex workers abused in Congo Ebola crisis,” The New Humanitarian, September 29, 2020.

L. generally B. FERENCZ, AN INTERNATIONAL CIMINAL COURT (1967). Genocide Convention, p 280.

LI. L. OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAW (2d ed. 1912),

LII. Our mandates: The Trust Fund for Victims .

LIII. Pramila Patten, Foreword to the Framework for the Prevention of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Stop Rape Now –United Nations Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict, United Nations, 2022.

LIV. R. LEMKIN, LES AcrEs CREANT UN DANGER GENERAL (INTERETATIQUE) CONSIDER'E CoME DEBITS DE Dnorr DES GEMS (1933).

LV. Serge Brammertz and Michelle Jarvis (eds.), “Prosecuting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence at the ICTY,” Oxford University Press, 2016

LVI. WeAreNOTWeaponsofWar..

LVII. Westendorf, J-K and Searle, L, “Sexual exploitation and abuse in peace operations: trends, policy responses and future directions”, International Affairs, Vol. 93, number 2, March 1, 2017

LVIII. www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide-convention.shtml

LIX. www.stoprapenow.org.