المسؤولية الجنائية عن الجرائم الناجمة عن اخطاء المركبات ذاتية التشغيل في المملكة العربية السعودية

First :Arabic references:

I. Artificial Intelligence Errors in UAE Legislation: A Comparative Study. Cairo: Ain Shams University, PhD Dissertation, 2020.

II. Ibrahim, Hafez Jaafar. Regulatory Issues and Civil Liability: Autonomous Vehicles. Kuwait: Journal of the Kuwait International Law School, Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2020.

III. Abu Mandour, Mostafa Moussa. The Adequacy of General Civil Liability Rules in Compensating AI Damages: An Analytical, Doctrinal, and Comparative Study. Damietta: Journal of Legal Studies – Law and Economics, Issue 5, January 2022.

IV. Al-Bandari, Baraka Mubarak Al-Saadi. Criminal Liability for Autonomous Vehicle Accidents. Medina: Taibah University, Master's Thesis, 2024.

V. Tuhfa, Fayek Awadni. Uses of Artificial Intelligence Technologies Between Legitimacy and Illegitimacy: Part II – Criminal Liability for AI Technology Crimes. Cairo: National Criminal Law Journal, Vol. 65, No. 2, July 2022.

VI. Al-Tamimi, Mohamed Nasser. Criminal Liability Arising from Autonomous Vehicle Accidents: An Analytical Study in Comparative Law. Kuwait: Journal of Law, Issue 4, 2020.

VII. Al-Jawad, Mahmoud Abdel Hadi. Legal Protection Against the Risks of AI Tools Used in Filtering Visual Content on the Internet. Cairo: Journal of Jurisprudential and Legal Research, Issue 41, April 2023.

VIII. Al-Hassan, Nasr. Legal Aspects Related to Operating Autonomous Vehicles Under Dubai Law No. (9) of 2023. Sharjah: University of Sharjah Journal of Legal Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 4, January 2025.

IX. Al-Khatib, Mohamed Irfan. Civil Liability and Artificial Intelligence: Possibility of Accountability – An In-depth Analytical Study of Civil Liability Rules in French Civil Law. Kuwait: Journal of the Kuwait International Law School, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2020.

X. Al-Halahlah, Ayman Khaled Fadel. Artificial Intelligence and Crime: Legal Frameworks for Criminal Liability in the Digital Age. Journal of International Law and Business, Hassan I University, October 2025.

XI. Dahshan, Yehia Ibrahim. Criminal Liability for Artificial Intelligence Crimes. Abu Dhabi: Journal of Sharia and Law, United Arab Emirates University, Issue 82, April 2020.

XII. Al-Salmi, Abdul Razzaq. Information Systems and Artificial Intelligence. Amman: Dar Al-Manahij for Publishing and Distribution, 1999.

Second: Foreign Books and References

I. Adam D. Thierer & Ryan Hagemann. Removing Roadblocks to Intelligent Vehicles and Driverless Cars. 5 Wake Forest J. L. & Pol'y, 2015, p. 45.

II. Akshitha Karnati, Devanshi Mehta, and Manu KS. "Artificial Intelligence in Self-Driving Cars: Applications, Implications and Challenges." Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 61, No. 1, January 2022, p. 73.

III. Akshitha Karnati, Devanshi Mehta, and Manu KS. Artificial Intelligence in Self-Driving Cars: Applications, Implications and Challenges. Christ University, January 2022, p. 291.

IV. Anne-Marie Idrac. Voiture autonome: avenir et réglementation. Dalloz IP/IT, 2018, p. 87.

V. Araz Taeihagh & Hazel Si Min Lim. Governing Autonomous Vehicles: Emerging Responses for Safety, Liability, Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Industry Risks. 39 Transp. Rev., 2019, p. 203.

VI. Atilla Kasap. States' Approaches To Autonomous Vehicle Technology In Light Of Federal Law. 19 Ohio St. Tech. L. J., 2023, p. 55.

VII. Damien A. Riehl. Car Minus Driver: Autonomous Vehicle Regulation, Liability, and Policy. Bench & Bar Minn., Nov. 2016, p. 46.

VIII. Dalvinder Singh Grewal. "A Critical Conceptual Analysis of Definitions of Artificial Intelligence as Applicable to Computer Engineering." IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, Vol. 16, Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2014, p. 41.

IX. Gabriel Hallevy. "The Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence Entities – from Science Fiction to Legal Social Control." Akron Intellectual Property Journal, Vol. 4, Iss. 2, Article 1, 2010, p. 29.

X. MacCarthy, Mark. "Setting the Standard of Liability for Self-Driving Cars." Brookings Institution Report, August 8, 2025, p. 12.

XI. N.E. Vellinga. "Cyber security in (automated) vehicles and liability: the EU perspective." ScienceDirect, 2023. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235214652300683X

XII. RAND Corporation. Hacked Autonomous Vehicles: Who May Be Liable for Cyberattacks? Research Brief, July 12, 2019. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB10063.html

S.K. Khan. "Cybersecurity regulatory challenges for connected and automated vehicles." ScienceDirect, 2023. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X23002330

Third : Laws, Regulations, and Reports .

A. Arab Laws and Regulations

I. Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2014, last amended in 2019.

II. Egyptian Civil Code, Law No. 131 of 1948, with amendments up to 2020.

III. Anti-Cybercrime Law, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Royal Decree No. (M/17) dated 8/3/1428 AH.

IV. Personal Data Protection Law, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Royal Decree No. (M/19) dated 9/2/1443 AH.

V. Egyptian Personal Data Protection Law, Law No. 151 of 2020.

VI. Electronic Transactions and E-Commerce Law, United Arab Emirates, Federal Decree-Law No. (1) of 2006.

VII. UAE Civil Code, Federal Decree-Law No. (5) of 1985, and its amendments.

VIII. Jordanian Cybercrime Law, Law No. 27 of 2015.

IX. Tunisian Code of Obligations and Contracts, 1906 and its amendments.

X. Draft Artificial Intelligence Law, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Data and AI Authority (SDAIA), 2023 (Draft).

B: Foreign Laws, Regulations, and Reports

I. Arizona Revised Statutes, Title 28, Section 28-9706. Arizona State Legislature, 2019. https://law.justia.com/codes/arizona/title-28/section-28-9706/

II. Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018. UK Parliament, 2018. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/18/contents/enacted

III. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), Germany, Sections 823, 831, 2021 edition. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/

IV. California Autonomous Vehicle Law – SB 1298. California State Legislature, 2012. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120SB1298

V. Code Civil Français, Article 1240, 1804, updated 2020. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006070721

VI. Consumer Protection Act 1987. UK Parliament, 1987. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1987/43

VII. Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on liability for defective products. Official Journal L 210, 07/08/1985, p. 29–33.

VIII. European Commission. Proposal for a Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (AI Act), COM/2021/206 final, 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021PC0206

IX. European Commission. AI Act, COM/2021/206 final, 2021, Articles 71–72.

X. European Commission. Regulation (EU) 2021/694 on the establishment of a European Artificial Intelligence Board. April 28, 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/694/oj

XI. European Framework for Automated Vehicles. European Union, 2021. https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/automotive-industry/vehicle-safety-and-automatedconnected-vehicles_en

XII. European Parliamentary Research Service. Legal Aspects of Autonomous Vehicles. Brussels, 2020. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2020)649337

XIII. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). WP.29 – Regulations on Automated/Autonomous Vehicles. 2020. https://unece.org/transport/road-transport/working-party-automatedautonomous-and-connected-vehicles-introduction

XIV. UNECE – WP.29. Guidelines on Autonomous Vehicles, Doc. ECE-TRANS-WP.29-2024-39e, 2024, pp. 12–15. https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/ECE-TRANS-WP.29-2024-39e.pdf