المخاطر القانونية للتجارة الإلكترونية في ظل الاعتماد على تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي: دراسة تحليلية

. Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 and Directive (EU) 2018/1972, and repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148 (NIS 2 Directive).

II. Directive (EU) 2024/2853 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 on liability for defective products and repealing Council Directive 85/374/EEC (Product Liability Directive).

III. European Data Protection Board. (2023). Guidelines 03/2022 on deceptive design patterns in social media platform interfaces: How to recognize and avoid them (Version 2.0).

IV. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity. (2023). ENISA threat landscape for artificial intelligence.

V. Federal Trade Commission. (2023). Privacy and data security update.

VI. Future of Privacy Forum. (2022). A guide to understanding automated decision-making and profiling under the GDPR.

VII. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Commerce. (2019). E-Commerce Law and Implementing Regulations.

VIII. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) (NIST AI 100-1).

IX. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2025). Intellectual property issues in artificial intelligence trained on scraped data. OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers.

X. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation).

XI. Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market for Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act).

XII. Regulation (EU) 2023/988 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 on general product safety, amending Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 and repealing Directive 2001/95/EC and Council Directive 87/357/EEC (General Product Safety Regulation).

XIII. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300/2008, (EU) No 167/2013, (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act).

XIV. Saudi Data & Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA). (2023). Implementing Regulations of the Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL).

XV. Saudi Data & Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA). (2024). Regulations on the transfer of personal data outside the Kingdom and enforcement guidance under the PDPL.

XVI. US Copyright Office. (2023). Copyright registration guidance: Works containing AI-generated material.

XVII. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2024). Digital Economy Report 2024: AI, platforms and consumer protection in cross-border e-commerce.

XVIII. Yaşar, H. (2024). The EU Artificial Intelligence Act and its implications for consumer-facing platforms. European Journal of Consumer and Market Law, 13(2), 101–120.

XIX. European Commission. (2024). Guidance on the application of EU consumer and marketing law to dark patterns and personalized interfaces in e-commerce.

XX. DLA Piper. (2024). Data protection laws in Saudi Arabia: Overview of the Personal Data Protection Law and enforcement roadmap. In the Data Protection Laws of the World (Saudi Arabia chapter).