الضوابط القانونية للحبس الانفرادي للنزلاء وتأثيره النفسي والصحي والاجتماعي عليهم

First: References in Arabic

i. General Assembly (2011). Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Sixty-sixth session / Promotion and protection of human rights / Item 69 (b), United Nations.

ii. Al-Taharwa, Ahmed and Al-Taei, Karima (2016). The compatibility of provisions related to solitary confinement as a method of executing punishment in Jordanian law with international conventions, Journal of Educational Sciences, Iraqi Association for Educational and Psychological Sciences, Vol. (120).

iii. Al-Fakhoury, Amer (2014). The legal system of solitary confinement in light of the principles of human rights, Journal of Educational Sciences, Ajman University, Volume (2), Number (3).

iv. The Nelson Mandela Rules of 2015

v. Palestinian Correction and Rehabilitation Centers Law No. 6 of 1998

vi. Jordanian Correction and Rehabilitation Centers Law No. 9 of 2004

vii. Law No. 3 of 2009 regulating Qatari penal and correctional institutions

viii. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 1984

ix. The Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners of 1990

Second: References in the Foreign Language

i. Basso, b.(2018). Solitary Confinement Reform Act: A Blueprint: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlr/vol47/iss2/6.

ii. Bresnihan, V. 2002. “Out of Mind, out of Sound: Solitary Confinement of Mentally Ill/Dysfunctional Prisoners in Irish Prisons.” European Journal of Health Law 9:111–20

iii. Brinkley-Rubinstein, L., Sivaraman, J., Rosen, D., Cloud, D.,Junker, G., Proescholdbell, S., Shanahan, M. & Ranapurwala, S.( 2019). Association of Restrictive Housing During Incarceration With Mortality After Release. JAMA Network Open 2019;2(10): e1912516. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12516

iv. Brooke, S, (2009), Solitary Confinement: A Brief History, mother jones.

v. Chesnut, K., Dashtgard, P., Gonzalez, G., Pifer, N. & Strong, J.(2020). Psychological Distress in Solitary Confinement: Symptoms, Severity, and Prevalence in the United States, 2017–2018. Am J Public Health. 2020;110:S56–S62. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305375.

vi. Cloud, D., Ahalt,C Augustine,D., Sears, D. & Williams, B.(2020). Medical Isolation and Solitary Confinement:Balancing Health and Humanity in US Jails and Prisons.

vii. Cloud, D., Drucker, E., Browne, A. & Parsons, J.( 2015). Government, Law, and Public Health Practice. American Journal of Public Health, 105(1).

viii. Coppola, F.( 2019). The brain in solitude: an (other) eighth amendment challenge to solitary confinement. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 184–225. doi:10.1093/jlb/lsz014.doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00520.

ix. During COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med 35(9):2738–42 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-05968-yFor Restricted Use Of Solitary Confinement Of Juveniles Across The States.48: 1601- 1625. 6/25/2018 4:59 PM

x. Gallagher, S. (2014). The cruel and unusual phenomenology of solitary confinement. FrontiersinPsychology CognitiveScience. 5 (585). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00585

xi. Gordon, S. (2014). Solitary Confifinement, Public Safety, and Recdivism. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 47,U. MICH. J. L. REFORM.

xii. Hagan, B. , Wang, E., Aminawung, J., Albizu-Garcia, C., Zaller, N., Nyamu, S., Shavit, S., Deluca, J. & Fox, A.( 2018). History of Solitary Confinement Is Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Individuals Recently Released from Prison.Journal Urban Health (2018) 95:141–148. DOI 10.1007/s11524-017-0138-1.

xiii. Haney, C.( 2018). The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement: A Systematic Critique. Crime and Justice. 365- 416. DOI: 10.1086/696041. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323674531.

xiv. Haney, c.( 2020). The Science of Solitary: Expanding the Harmfulness Narrative. North Western University Law Review, 115( 1).

xv. hanna, a (2017), series on solitary confinement & the eighth amendment: article i of iii, journal of constitutional law online, vol. 21 (2).

xvi. James, K. & Vanko, E.( 2021). The Impacts of Solitary Confinement. Vera Institute of Justice. April 2021 | Evidence brief.

xvii. Kaba, F., Lewis, A., Glowa-Kollisch, S., Hadler, J., Lee, D., Alper, H., Selling, D., MacDonald,R., Solimo, A., Parsons, A.& Venters, H.( 2014). Solitary Confinement and Risk of Self-Harm Among Jail Inmates. American Journal of Public Health, March 2014,104( 3). 442–447. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301742

xviii. Labrecque , R., Tostlebe, J., Useem, B. & Pyrooz, D.( 2021). Reforming solitary confinement: the development, implementation, and processes of a restrictive housing step down reentry program in Oregon. Health and Justice, 9 (23). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-021-00151-9.

xix. Labrecque, R. M., & Smith, P. (2019). The impacts of restrictive housing: A systematic review of the evidence. In B. Huebner, & N. Frost (Eds.), Handbook on corrections and sentencing (Vol. 3): The collateral consequences of punishment (pp. 290–310). Routledge.

xx. Lobel, J. & Akil, H.( 2018). Law & Neuroscience: The Case of Solitary Confinement. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 147( 4).

xxi. Massoglia M. 2008, Incarceration as exposure: the prison, infectious disease, and other stress-related illnesses. J Health Soc Behav. (Mar; 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650804900105 PMID: 18418985.

xxii. Muntingh, L. ‘The Mandela Rules: A diplomatic success but will they lead to better care of SA prisoners?’ Thoughtleader http://thoughtleader.co.za/lukasmuntingh/2016/01/13/mandela-rules-a diplomaticsuccess-but-will-theylead-to-better-care-of-sa-prisoners/13January 2016

xxiii. Muonio , T.( 2020). A Literature Review: An Analysis of the Widespread Effects of Solitary Confinement/Social Isolation on Mental Illness and Mortality. Solitary Degree Of Master of Science Physician Assistant Studies, Augsburg University.

xxiv. Petersen, k (2018), Solitary Confinement - A review of the legal framework and practice in five African countries, Dullah omar institute for constitutional law, University of the Western Cape, south africa.

xxv. Reiter, K, Ventura, J., Lovell, D., Augustine, D., Barragan, M., Blair, T., Scharff Smith, P. 2006 “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: A brief history and review of the literature.” Crime and Justice, vol. 34, (University of Chicago Press).

xxvi. Shalev, S.& Lloyd, M.( 2016). Though this be method, yet there is madness in’t: Commentary on One Year Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Effects of Administrative Segregation. Corrections & Mental Health. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800034-2.00139-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301776514

xxvii. Shalev, S.( 2008). A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement. Electronic Journal · January 2008, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2177495 · Source: OAI. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45428618.

xxviii. Solomon L, Flynn C, Muck K, Vertefeuille J. Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among entrants to Maryland correctional facilities. J Urban Health. 2004 Mar 1; 81(1):25–37. https://doi. org/10.1093/jurban/jth085 PMID: 15047781.

xxix. Strong, JD., Reiter, K. , Gonzalez, G., Tublitz , R. , Augustine, D., Barragan, M. , Chesnut , K., Dashtgard , P., Pifer , N. & Blair, T. (2020) The body in isolation: The physical health impacts of incarceration in solitary confinement. PLoS ONE 15(10): e0238510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0238510

xxx. Wildeman C. & Andersen, LH.( 2020). Solitary confinement placement and post-release mortality risk among formerly incarcerated individuals: a population-based study. Lancet Public Health. 2020 Feb 1; 5(2):e107– 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30271-3 PMID: 32032555.

xxxi. Williams BA, Li A, Ahalt C, Coxson P, Kahn JG, Bibbins-Domingo K. 2019 Oct The cardiovascular health burdens of solitary confinement. Journal of general internal medicine.;34(10):1977-80.

xxxii. Winters, A.( 2019). The Ethical Conflicts of Working in Solitary Confinement. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics,16(2).