الحماية الجنائية للناخب من التضليل

First: Books

i. Al-Jowhari al-Farabi, Abu Nasr. 1987, Al-Sahah Tāj al-Lughah wa-Sahah al-Arabīyah. Edited by Ahmed Attar. Beirut: Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin, 4th edition, Volume 5.

ii. Al-Murran, Saad. 2019, The Legal and Security Confrontation of Election Crimes: An Analytical Study of the Legislative and Security Situation in the Kingdom of Bahrain. 1st ed. Bahrain: Political Development Institute.

iii. Annan, Kofi A., et al. 2012, "Deepening Democracy: A Strategy for Improving Electoral Integrity Worldwide." Report of the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. International Foundation for Electoral Systems and the Kofi Annan Foundation, Sweden.

iv. Beetham, David, Edzia Carvalho, Todd Landman, and Stuart Weir. 2008, "Assessing the Quality of Democracy: A Practical Guide." International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Sweden.

v. Eisen, Norman, Donald Ayer, Joshua Perry, Noah Bookbinder, and E. Danya Perry. 2022, Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality. Governance Studies at Brookings. The Brookings Institution, USA.

vi. Garner, Bryan A. 2009, "Misleading." Black's Law Dictionary. 9th ed. West-Thomson Reuters, USA.

vii. Hasani, Mahmoud Naguib. 2018, Sharh Qanun al-'Uqubat - Al-Qism al-'Aam. Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiyya, 8th ed.

viii. Hornby, Albert. 2020, "Definition of Misleading Adjective." The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English: B2-C2. 10th ed. Oxford University Press.

ix. Khalifa, Abeer. 2018, Election Crimes: A Comparative Study. 1st ed. Lebanon: Al-Halabi Legal Publishers.

x. Panyarachun, Anand. 2008, "Building the Pillars of Democracy." Center for International Private Enterprise. USA.

xi. Sorour, Ahmed Fathi. 1996, Al-Waseet fi Qanun al-'Uqubat. General Part. 6th ed. Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiyy,.

xii. Winberg, Oscar. 2017, "Insult Politics: Donald Trump, Right-Wing Populism, and Incendiary Language." European Association for American Studies, vol. 12, no. 2, document 4. USA.

Second: Researches

i. Abdel-Al, Osama. 2020, "Criminal Liability for Misleading in Media Crime." Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Mansoura University - Faculty of Law, vol. 1, no. 71.

ii. Al-Lama'i, Yasser. 2020, "Criminal Protection against Misinformation during Electoral Campaigns in Light of Legislative Criminal Policy: A Comparative Study with Egyptian and Qatari Legislation." International Journal of Law, vol. 9, no. 3 - Special Issue on "Law and Media: Perspectives and Challenges," Qatar University Press, Qatar.

iii. Allcott, H. , & Gentzkow, M. 2017, “Social media and fake news in the 2016 election”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), USA.

iv. Allcott, Hunt, and Matthew Gentzkow. 2017, "Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election." Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 31, no. 2, USA.

v. Al-Saffo, Nawfal. 2015, "Legal Formulation Methods of Criminal Texts: A Comparative Study." Journal of Sharia and Law, College of Law - United Arab Emirates University, no. 62. United Arab Emirates.

vi. Al-Shamari, Munif. 2021, "Election Crime." Journal of Legal Sciences, College of Law - University of Baghdad, no. 1. Iraq.

vii. Alwadia, Amer. 2017, "Legal Regulation of Electoral Advertising Online." Journal of Al-Azhar University, vol. 19, special issue for the Fifth Law College Conference, Palestine.

viii. Born, A., van Eck, P., & Johannesson, M. 2017, “An experimental investigation of election promises” Political Psychology, New Zealand, 39(3).

ix. Born, Andreas, Pascal van Eck, and Magnus Johannesson. 2017, "An Experimental Investigation of Election Promises." Political Psychology, vol. 39, no. 3. New Zealand.

x. Green, Rebecca. 2020, "Candidate Privacy." Washington Law Review 95: 205-257.

xi. Haber, Jaren, Lisa Singh, Ceren Budak, Josh Pasek, Meena Balan, Ryan Callahan, Rob Churchill, Brandon Herren, and Kornraphop Kawintiranon. 2021, "Research Note: Lies and Presidential Debates: How Political Misinformation Spread Across Media Streams During the 2020 Election." Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, vol. 2, issue 6.

xii. Wheatley, Steven. 2020, "Foreign Interference in Elections under the Non-intervention Principle: We Need to Talk about 'Coercion'." 31 Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, USA.

xiii. Fujiwara, Thomas, Karsten Müller, and Carlo Schwarz. 2021, "The Effect of Social Media on Elections: Evidence from the United States." No. w28849. National Bureau of Economic Research.

xiv. Wright, R. George. 2012, "Electoral Lies and the Broader Problems of Strict Scrutiny." Florida Law Review 64: 762-811.

Third: Theses

i. Al-Asadi, Diaa Abdullah Aboud. 2007, "The General Theory of Election Crimes." PhD diss., College of Law, University of Babylon, Iraq.

Fourth: Laws

Constitutions:

I. Bahrain. Constitution.

Ordinary Laws:

i. Bahrain. Law No. 14 of 1973 on the Regulation of Advertisements.

ii. Bahrain. Law No. 15 of 1976 on the Issuance of the Penal Code.

iii. Kentucky. Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated § 121.055 (Michie/Bobbs-Merrill 1982).

iv. Philippines. Republic Act No. 7166, Approved November 26, 1991, An Act Providing for Synchronized National and Local Elections and For Electoral Reforms, Authorizing Appropriations Therefor, and for Other Purposes.

v. Bahrain. Law No. 19 of 2001 on the Issuance of the Civil Law.

vi. Bahrain. Law No. 14 of 2002 on the Exercise of Political Rights.

vii. Bahrain. Law No. 15 of 2002 on the Shura and Representatives Councils.

viii. Tunisia. Constitutional Law No. 16 of 2014 on Elections and Referendums, May 26, 2014.

ix. Lebanon. Electoral Law No. 44/2017.

x. Tunisia: Law No. 2018-32 of May 1, 2018, on the Protection of Personal Data.

xi. France. "Electoral Code." Légifrance. Version en vigueur du 13 octobre 2006 au 20 novembre 2020.

xii. Bahrain. Decision No. 141 of 2022 on the Regulation of Electoral Campaign for the Elections of Members of Parliament and Municipal Councils.

Fifth: Judicial Decision

i. Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 571-72 (1942).

ii. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan,376 U.S. 254 (1964)/ USA.

iii. Brown v. Hartlage, 456 U.S. 45 (1982)/ USA.

iv. Durant v Greiner (1990) 21 NSWLR 119/ UK.

v. Burson v. Freeman, 504 U.S. 191 (1992)/ USA.

vi. Emmanuel Macron v. Rassemblement national (RN), Cour d'appel de Paris, Pôle 2, chambre 5, arrêt n°17/05554, May 9, 2018.

vii. Khurshidurehman S. Rehman v. State Of U P And Another, Case :MATTERS UNDER ARTICLE 227 No. - 723 of 2022, Court No. 87/ India.

Sixth: Online Periodicals

i. Al Achkar, Mohamad. "Democracy." Political Encyclopedia, https://political-encyclopedia.org/dictionary/democracy/.

ii. Al-Bilad newspaper. "Public Prosecution Accuses Candidate of Defamation and Lying." 23 November 2018, https://albiladpress.com/newspaper/3692/535491.html.

iii. Al-Ahli Electoral Monitoring Team. "Decrease in Election Campaigning and Polling Stations Open on Time." Alayam.com, 19 November 2022, https://www.alayam.com/online/local/988015/News.html

iv. Al-Shammari, Baraa. "Iraqi Election Commission officially excludes new candidates." The New Arab, 21 September 2021, https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/iraqi-election-commission-officially-excludes-new-candidates.

v. Breuninger, Kevin. "Here are the key moments from the final Trump-Biden presidential debate." CNBC, 23 October 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/22/final-presidential-debate-highlights-trump-vs-biden.html.

vi. DCAF Legal Database. "Tunisia: Law No. 2018-32 of May 1, 2018, on the Protection of Personal Data." https://legislation-securite.tn/ar/law/44286.

vii. Mallet, Victor, and Leila Abboud. "Macron and Le Pen Trade Insults Ahead of French Election." Financial Times, 8 April 2022, https://www.ft.com/content/c8bf8924-fc4d-4fb4-a6b0-babcb7dfa2fa.

viii. Commission on Elections. "RA 7166: Synchronized National and Local Elections Law." Official COMELEC website, n.d., https://comelec.gov.ph/?r=References/RelatedLaws/ElectionLaws/SynchronizedNationalandLocal/RA7166#sec5 .

ix. Upadhyay, Sharmeen. "Can't make political parties liable for failure to fulfil promises made in Election Manifesto: Allahabad high court." Live Law, 18 March 2022, https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/cant-make-political-parties-liable-fail-fulfil-promises-election-manifesto-allahabad-high-court-194408 .

Seventh: Other Periodicals

i. "Filtering Practices of Social Media Platforms." Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 115th Congress, 2nd Session, Serial No. 115-56, April 26, 2018. U.S. Government Publishing Office.

ii. Pew Research Center. "Charting Congress on Social Media in the 2016 and 2020 Elections." September 2021. USA.

iii. Political Development Institute. "Political Terminology Dictionary" 2014, Bahrain.