النظام القانوني للمسؤولية المدنية للروبوت المترافع: الطبيعة، الأساس، والنطاق

Books:

I. Abdelkader Aqsasi, The Obligation to Guarantee Safety in Contracts, Vol. 1, 1st ed., Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Alexandria, 2010.

II. Hani Dweidar, The Legal Regulation of Trade, Vol. 1, 1st ed., Arab University Press, Beirut, 2004.

III. Mansour Mohamed Salim, The Tort Liability of the Producer, Vol. 1, 1st ed., United Arab Emirates University, UAE, 2014.

IV. Mohamed Abdelkader Ali Al-Hajj, The Liability of the Producer and Distributor, Vol. 1, 1st ed., Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Egypt, 1982.

V. Mohamed Boudali, The Product's Liability for Defective Products, Vol. 1, 1st ed., Dar Al-Fajr for Publishing and Distribution, Algeria, 2005.

VI. Nasser Mohammed Abdullah Sultan, Liability for Actions Requiring Special Care and Mechanical Equipment in Light of the UAE Civil Transactions Law and a Comparison with Egyptian Civil Law, Vol. 1, 1st ed., Al-Halabi Legal Publications, Beirut, 2005.

VII. Osama Ahmed Badr, The Concept of Guardianship in Civil Liability, Vol. 1, 1st ed., Faculty of Law, Assiut University, Egypt, no publication date.

Scientific Research:

I. Abdel Rahman Ahmed Al-Harthi, Ali Mohammed Al-Daroubi, The Dialectic of the Legal Personality of Artificial Intelligence, Journal of Law and Political Science, University of Khenchela, Volume 12, No. 1, 2025.

II. Abdel Rahman Bin Saif, Al-Qassabi, Challenges of Litigation via Digital Technology in the Sultanate of Oman in Light of Legislative Philosophy and the Principles of Justice, Eighth Scientific Conference of the College of Law - Sultan Qaboos University, no issue, 2024.

III. Ahmed Ali Hassan Othman, The Implications of Artificial Intelligence on Civil Law: A Comparative Study, Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Faculty of Law, Mansoura University, Issue 76, June 2021.

IV. Ahmed Jarad, The Legal Personality of Artificial Intelligence... A Misleading Anticipation, Qatar Police College Journal, Issue 7, 2023.

V. Ahmed Mustafa Al-Dabousi Al-Sayed, "The Extent to Which Artificial Intelligence Can Be Granted Patent Rights for Its Innovations: Can Artificial Intelligence Be Considered an Inventor According to the Provisions of UAE Law?" Dubai Judicial Institute Journal, Issue 13, Year 9, April 2021.

VI. Al-Karrar Habib, Jahloul, Hussam Abis, Awda, "Civil Liability for Damages Caused by Robots (A Comparative Analytical Study)," Route Education and Social Science Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2019.

VII. Amr Taha Badawi Mohammed, The Legal System of Intelligent Robots, Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, 2020, Cairo University, Faculty of Law.

VIII. Ashraf Mohamed Mahmoud Gouda, "Electronic Courts in Light of Contemporary Procedural Reality," Sharia and Law Journal, no volume, Issue 35, Volume 3, 2020.

IX. Asmaa Hassan Amer, "The Problems of Establishing Civil Liability for Damages Caused by Intelligent Robots," The Legal Journal, Volume 13, Issue 7, 2022.

X. Dwi Bintang Satrio, Artaji Artaji, Efa Laela Fakhriah, and Chami Yassine. "Integrating AI into Small Claims Courts: Lessons from Global Practices for Legal Reform in Indonesia." Journal of Law and Legal Reform 7, no. 1, 2026.

XI. Elgamil S. Eladawi: Civil Liability for Damage Caused by Autonomous and Artificially Intelligent Robots. pub in Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Mansoura University, Volume (2), Issue (76), June 2021.

XII. Fatima Nassakh, "The Legal Personality of the New Entity: The Virtual Person and the Robot," Al-Ustadh Al-Bahith Journal for Legal and Political Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2020, p. 218.

XIII. Fouad Al-Shuaibi, Civil Liability for Damages Caused by Artificial Intelligence Robots, Imam Malik College of Sharia and Law, Volume 8, 2020.

XIV. Hammam Al-Qousi, The Problem of the Person Responsible for Operating the Robot: The Impact of the Human Deputy Theory on the Effectiveness of Law in the Future, Jeel Center for Scientific Research, Jeel Journal of In-Depth Legal Research, Year 3, Issue 25, May 2018.

XV. Hisham Emad Mohammed Al-Obaidan, Civil Liability for Tort Caused by Robots, Journal of Law, Issue 4, Part 1, 2021.

XVI. Hossam El-Din Mahmoud Hassan, "The Reality of the Legal Personality of Artificial Intelligence," Spirit of Laws Journal, Issue 102, April 2023.

XVII. Ibtisam Boulqwas, The Legal Basis for Remote Litigation and the Requirements for its Success, Al-Basair Journal for Legal and Economic Studies, Special Issue, 2021.

XVIII. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 8373: Robotics -Vocabulary. Geneva: ISO, 2021.

XIX. Lyle Moran. Lawyer cites fake cases generated by ChatGPT in legal brief. LEGAL DIVE. May 2023.

XX. Mayada Mustafa Al-Mahrouqi, The Robot Judge and the Evolution of Justice Systems Towards Algorithmization, Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Volume 14, Issue 0, 2024.

XXI. Mohammad Abdul Latif, "Liability for Artificial Intelligence Between Private and Public Law," Mansoura Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2021, Faculty of Law, Mansoura University.

XXII. Mohammad Al-Qutb Musad, "The Legal Value of the Technical Personality of the Robot and its Legal Representative in Intellectual Property Systems and Provisions," Journal of Law, University of Bahrain, Vol. 19, No. 2, October 2022.

XXIII. Mourad Benseghir, Maammar Bentria, "Artificial Intelligence in the Medical Profession: What Readiness of the Law to Face its Risks?" A Comparative Study, Journal of Law, Issue 3, September 2025.

XXIV. Noura Al-Salman and Adnan Sarhan, Civil Liability for the Actions of Robots, Volume 21, Issue 1, University of Sharjah Journal of Legal Sciences, 2024.

XXV. Nynke E. Vellinga. Rethinking compensation in light of the development of AI. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF LAW, COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY. 2024, VOL. 38.

XXVI. Rajai Abdel Rahman, Awad, Towards an Electronic Judicial System: Electronic Litigation Between Theory and Practice, Journal of Jurisprudential and Legal Studies, no volume, No. 18, 2024.

XXVII. Wafaa Yaqoub Janahi, The Legal Status of Intelligent Robots and the Liability of Their Operators, Journal of Law, Volume 48, Issue 3, 2024.

XXVIII. Yaniv Benhamou and Justine Ferland. "Artificial Intelligence & Damages: Assessing Liability and Calculating the Damages." In Leading Legal Disruption: Artificial Intelligence and a Toolkit for Lawyers and the Law, edited by Pina D’Agostino, Carole Piovesan, and Aviv Gaonp. Toronto: Thomson Reuters Canada, 2020.

Legislations:

I. Council of Europe, Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (2024).

II. European Parliament – Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Artificial Intelligence and Civil Liability, PE 621.926, 2020.

III. European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act).

IV. European Parliament, Resolution of 16 February 2017 on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103) INL.

V. Federal Decree-Law No. (25) of 2025 on the Civil Transactions Law (UAE).

VI. Federal Decree-Law No. (34) of 2022 on the Regulation of the Legal Profession and Legal Consultancy (UAE).

VII. Public Policy Document – The UAE’s Position on Artificial Intelligence Policy at the International Level – issued on September 2, 2024 (UAE).

VIII. UAE Federal Consumer Protection Law No. (15) of 2020 (UAE).

IX. Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, 1963.