دور التكنولوجيا في تحديد المسؤولية عن الأضرار الناجمة عن الاستخدام السلمي للطاقة النووية

International Treaties and Conventions

I. Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (1986). United Nations Treaty Collection. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201455/volume-1455-I-24645-English.pdf

II. Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (1986). United Nations Treaty Collection. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201438/volume-1438-I-24516-English.pdf

III. Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (1997). Treaty Doc. 107-21. Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/treaty-document/107th-congress/21/document

IV. Convention on Third-Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (Paris Convention). OECD Legal Instruments. https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/public/doc/307/307.en.pdf

V. Brussels Supplementary Convention (1963). Convention supplementary to the Paris Convention of 29 July 1960 on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy. United Nations Treaty Collection. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201041/volume-1041-I-15974-English.pdf

VI. Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (1963). United Nations Treaty Collection. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201063/volume-1063-I-15497-English.pdf

VII. Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (1997 Consolidated Text). Nuclear Pool Documentation. https://nuclearpool.by/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/the-vienna-convention-on-civil-liability-for-nuclear-damage-1963.pdf

VIII. UNECE (1991). Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention). https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/eia/documents/legaltexts/Espoo_Convention_authentic_ENG.pdf

International Law Instruments and Case Law

IX. International Court of Justice (2010). Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment. https://www.icj-cij.org/case/135

X. International Law Commission (2001a). Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf

XI. International Law Commission (2001b). Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_7_2001.pdf

Journal Articles and Conference Papers

XII. Brunner, I. (2025). Attributing cyber operations under international law: Political and legal aspects. QIL-Questions of International Law. https://www.qil-qdi.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/03_Regulating-Activities_BRUNNER_FIN.pdf

XIII. Corbacho, J. A., García-Talavera, M., & others (2024). Use of a drone-based gamma-ray spectrometry system to quantify contamination and dose rate. Radioprotection. https://www.radioprotection.org/articles/radiopro/full_html/2024/02/radiopro230060/radiopro230060.html

XIV. Ismail, I., & Ariffin, K. A. Z. (2025). The admissibility of digital evidence from open-source forensic tools: Development of a framework for legal acceptance. PLOS ONE, 20(9), e0331683. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331683

XV. Klebanov, L. R., & Lizikova, M. S. (2025). Artificial intelligence in nuclear energy: Legal challenges and international cooperation in regulation. RUDN Journal of Law. https://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/44990/24989/en_US

XVI. Marques, L., Cardoso, R., & others (2021). State-of-the-art mobile radiation detection systems for nuclear security applications. Sensors, 21(4), 1051. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1051

XVII. Smith, R., & Berthoud, L. (2024). Remote sensing techniques for detecting proxies of radiation anomalies at nuclear facilities. IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379893920

XVIII. Xu, R. (2023). Application of drones in nuclear contaminated sites. E3S Web of Conferences, 424, 03004. https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2023/61/e3sconf_icree2023_03004.pdf

Institutional Reports and Policy Documents

XIX. Chatham House (2024). Cybersecurity of the Civil Nuclear Sector: Threat Landscape and International Legal Protections. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/2024-11-18-cybersecurity-civil-nuclear.pdf

XX. Congressional Research Service (2025). Price-Anderson Act: Nuclear Power Industry Liability Limits and Compensation to the Public After Radioactive Releases (IF10821). Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10821/IF10821.6.pdf

XXI. Idaho National Laboratory (2024). Digitalization Guiding Principles and Method for Nuclear Industry Work Processes. https://inldigitallibrary.inl.gov/sites/sti/sti/Sort_232168.pdf

XXII. NIST (2022). Digital Evidence Preservation (NISTIR 8387). https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2022/NIST.IR.8387.pdf

XXIII. OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) (2012). Japan's Compensation System for Nuclear Damage. https://www.oecd-nea.org/upload/docs/application/pdf/2021-02/japans_compensation_system.pdf

XXIV. OECD NEA (2013). Radiological Characterization (NEA/RWM/WPDD(2013)2). https://www.oecd-nea.org/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-01/rwm-wpdd2013-2.pdf

XXV. OECD NEA (2015). Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 95. https://www.oecd-nea.org/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-11/nlb95.pdf

XXVI. OECD NEA (2020). Japan: Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage (Act No. 147 of 1961, as amended). https://www.oecd-nea.org/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-03/act_on_compensation_for_nuclear_damage_.pdf

XXVII. OECD NEA (2021). Nuclear Law Bulletin, Volume 2020 Issue 2. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2021/05/nuclear-law-bulletin-volume-2020-issue-2_964d124e/27b9c2df-en.pdf

XXVIII. Office for Nuclear Regulation (2024). Licensing of Safety-Critical Software for Nuclear Reactors: Common Position (Revision 1). https://www.onr.org.uk/documents/2024/common-position-safety-critical-software-rev1.pdf

XXIX. U.S. Department of Energy (2023). Price-Anderson Act Report to Congress (January 2023). https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-02/PAA%20Report%20January%202023_0.pdf

XXX. WHO (2013). Health Risk Assessment from the Nuclear Accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. https://eeae.gr/docs/files/_WHO%20health%20risk%20assessment_report.pdf

XXXI. UNSCEAR (2013). UNSCEAR 2013 Report, Volume I: Scientific Annex A. https://www.unscear.org/docs/publications/2013/UNSCEAR_2013_Report_Vol.I.pdf

XXXII. UNSCEAR (2020/2021). UNSCEAR 2020/2021 Report, Volume II: Scientific Annex B. https://www.unscear.org/docs/publications/2021/UNSCEAR_2020_21_Report_Vol.II.pdf